Transport Notes for I.C.S.E

                                          TRANSPORT

1.Transport :-refers to the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods as well as individuals from one location to another.

2.They are four mode of transportation:-Roadways, Railways, Airways and Waterways.

3.Importance of transportation:

(i) Transportation helps in the better utilization of the resources of the backward areas by linking them with the most advance areas.

(ii)It helps  in the process of industrialization  and urbanization.

(iii)It removes scarcity of goods during any crisis.

(iv) It helps to enhance and strengthen the feeling of unity and brotherhood among people by linking them in contact with one another.                     (example is railways)     {Note:you must learn atleast three of them}.

4.Roadways –[Most developed/Most important mode of transport in India]

{From the exam point of view Roadways advantages  is most Important}

So here is the Advantages of Roadways:-

{When you are learning you must learn by comparison because it will be helpful during Revisions}

1.It is cheaper to construct than Railways.

2.Road can be constructed anywhere even at those places where Railway lines does not exits.

3.Roadways provide door to door service ,thereby reducing the cost of loading and unloading.

4.Perishable goods can be transported at a faster speed by road carrier’s over short distance.

So, now moving towards the disadvantages of Roadways are:

1. Due to limited capacity, road transport is not economical for long distance transportation of goods.

2.Many roads are unsurfaced  and not suitable for vehicular movement,

3.Construction of roads has led to displacement of people and large tradts of agricultural land.

4.Transportation of heavy goods in bulk involves high cost.

This roadways also have some categories

These Indian roads are categorized into the following:-

Ø  National highways – Constructed and maintained by the Central government ,Facilitates inter-state transport ,movement of defence personnel and defence materials to strategic areas and also connects manufacturing centers.

(NHAI) The National Highways Authority of India is responsible for development , maintenance and management of National Highways.

Two major projects undertaken by NHAI

(i)Golden Quadrilateral –(GQ)-Largest express Highway project connecting four major cities-Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

(ii)North-South and East-West Corridor: North-South connects the National Highways from Srinagar to Kanyakumari  , East –west Corridor connects National Highways from Porbandar to Silchar.

Advantage of GQ[This region serves as a port]

1.It has promoted industrial growth of small town through which it passes.

2.Provides better and faster transport networks between many major cities and ports.

3.Provide opportunities for farmers for transportation of farm produce from agricultural . Some of the National Highways are :

NH-1(Delhi-Amritsar ) NH-2 (Delhi-Kolkata) NH-3(Agra-Mumbai)

NH-4(Chennai-Thana) NH-7 (Varanasi-Kanyakumari)[Longest]

Ø  Second  category is: Expressways-It is the highest class of controlled access highways designed for high speed vehicular traffic. NAHI has only two freeways in India-Eastern Freeways and Western Freeways to reduce traffic congestion in the city of Mumbai.

Major Expressways are:

1.Yumuna Expressway-Connects Greater Noida with Agra.

2.Ahmedabad –Vadodra Expressways- It was opened in 2001.

3.Mumbai-Puna Expressways

Ø  Third category is -State Highways – Constructed and maintained by State government provides connectivity with national highways,district ,Headquarters ,important towns, tourist centers etc. within the state.

Ø  Fourth category is District roads:-They are important within  the Districts It is connects small town, National Highways and State Highways.

Ø  Fifth category is Rural Roads:- Constitute about 80% of the total road length in the country .Provides vital links by moving the agricultural produce and finished products of small-scale industries from the producing centres.

Ø  Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana:-A rural scheme launched by the government in December 2000 to provide connectivity to rural areas as part of a poverty eradication measure.

Ø  Sixth Category is BRO(Border Road Organization): Set up in 1960 for strengthening defence preparedness and accelerating economic development along  northern and North  eastern boundary of India.

So,here we end up with Road transport now we shall move onto the next Transportation category that is Railways:

Ø  In India the First railway line was set up in 1853 from Bombay to Thane.

Do you know why Railways are more developed in Northern India?

There are mainly three reasons for it [and not this is also important for exam]

{1} Northern Plains have flat level ground.

{2} It has huge Dense population.

{3} In Northern Plains we have huge agricultural lands and also presence of various industries.

There are THREE types of Railways:

(1) Broad gauge-most widely used (Distance between the two lines from which the train pass should be 1.676 meters)

(2) Metre gauge- Distance between the two lines from which the train pass should be 1 meter.

(3) Narrow gauge- Distance between the two lines from which the train pass should be 0.762 meter to 0.610 meter.

Ø  Advantage of Railways:-

1. Relatively faster than road transport .

2.Suitable for carrying heavy goods in large quantities over long distance.(unlike roadways)

3. Its operation is less affected by adverse weather conditions like rain ,fog ,floods etc.

4.Convenient mode of transportation for travelling long distances.

Ø  Disadvantage of Railways:-

1.Not available in remote areas.

2. Movement by train is limited on land only it cannot cross oceans.

3. Its involve heavy losses of life as well as goods in case of accidents.

4. It provides service according to fixed time schedule and is not flexible for loading or unloading goods at any place or time.

Some of the Important Railway zones are as follows[other you may refer to the book]

          Name                                                                   Headquarters

1.Northern Railway[NR]-                                              New Delhi

2.Eastern Railway[ER]                                                  Kolkata

3.South Eastern Railway[SER]                                     Kolkata

4. Southern Railway{SR]                                              Chennai

5. Central Railway [CR]                                                Mumbai

6. Western Railway[WR]                                               Mumbai

7.Kolkata Metro                                                            Kolkata

Ø  Now moving on to the next category of transport is Airways

Airways:- Its first service was established between Allahabad and Naini in 1911.

Ø  JRD Tata founded the first airline-Tata airline in 1932.

Ø  Airport Authority of India was set up in 1995 .

Ø  Nodal agency was responsible for providing safe, efficient, and Air traffic services.

Why these Airways has its significant for a country like India?

Ans: India is a vast country and long distance have to be covered between important cities that is why it is most significant in India.

Advantages of Airways are:-

1. It is the fastest and comfortable mode of transport.

 2. It is indispensable when we compare speed and ease with which aeroplane can cross mountain barriers.

3. It is of particular importance during natural calamites It is used to air lift people from affected areas and to air-drop foods, medicines and other necessary things to calamity affected people.

Disadvantages of Airways are:-

1.It is very costly beyond the reach of the common man.

2.Risk are increasing day by day due to crime and terrorism.

3.It depend on weather conditions. Flights are often delay due to bad weather .

4.It only connects major cities of India.

Some International airports in India are:

Mumbai-    Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport.

Delhi-          Indira Gandhi International Airport.

Kolkata-     Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport.

Chennai-     Annadurai International Airport.

Last but not the least category is Waterways

Ø  Waterways are the cheapest and the oldest form of transport.

Ø  Two categories  of water transport are (1)Inland Waterways (2) Oceanic Waterways .

Ø  Inland waterways include rivers, canal, backwater and creeks which are deep enough to allow the ships and boats to navigate safely.

Ø  Peninsular India is not ideal for navigation(Inland) Reasons are:

1.   Rivers are seasonal and rain fed.

2.   Rivers have rapids and water falls that impedes navigation.

3.   Rivers are short flowing compared to river of Northern India.

River Ganga (Northern India) is ideal for Inland waterways Reasons are:-

1.   Rivers are perennial.

2.   As it is joined by a number of tributaries it maintains a depth of more than 10 m upto Allahabad.

3.   Slopes of Ganga is gradual free from stones and rocks.

Ø  National Waterways No.1 (NW-1)-Comprises Ganga-Bhagirathi_Hooghly River System(From Haldi to Allahabad)

Ø  NW-2 River Brahmaputra connecting North Eastern India with Kolkata and Haldia port.

Advantages of Waterways:-

1.   Cheapest means of Transportation.

2.   Suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods thereby promoting International Trade.

3.   It is fuel efficient and eco-friendly mode of Transportation.

Advantages of Waterways:-

1.   Cheapest means of Transportation.

2.   Suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods thereby promoting International Trade.

3.   It is fuel efficient and eco-friendly mode of Transportation.

Disadvantages of Waterways :-

1.   Limited to areas where rivers are navigable and oceanic routes exist.

2.   Need long hours to travel by water transport.

3.   It depend on weather conditions can be delayed or cancelled.

4.   Cause inconvenience to passengers.

Some comparative analysis are:

Roadways                                         Railways

1.Ideal for short distance                1. Ideal for long distance.

2. offers door to door service          2.cannot provide door to door service as tracks cannot be laid everywhere.

3.Relatively cheaper than Airways 3. Relatively cheaper than Roadways

4.Causes pollution                           4.Causes Air and noise pollution.

So, here I end up with Transportation Chapter hope this notes help you in your I.C.S.E board exam and this notes are not based no one book I have took some references of other book also which is for I.C.S.E board exam

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